Discuss the role of social medias influence (Twitter, Facebook, and Essay - 2

Talk about the job of social medias impact (Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube) in the lives of kids and youthful youngsters today - Essay Example The AACAP states that â€Å"60% of 13 to 17 years of age have in any event one profile on a long range interpersonal communication site† (Aacap 1). Interpersonal interaction sites have a few highlights and one of the most significant highlights is news and data. Data accessible on these sites incorporates scholarly related data just as news in regards to recent developments (Strader 98). At the point when kids get to these highlights they wind up creating understanding with respect to what's going on in their general surroundings. This element even encourages them in learning more than what is offered at schools. Internet based life is in any event, helping kids create and support social connections. Internet based life, for example, Facebook permits kids to discuss online with others including youngsters from their own schools. OKeeffe states that â€Å"social media permit adolescents to achieve different assignments incorporating remaining associated with friends† (OKeeffe 1). This helps youngsters in staying in steady contact with companions consistently. This expansion in time went through with companions even prompts increment in the continuing of associations with people who exist in the virtual just as the physical world. Online networking is in any event, helping kids in keeping themselves engaged. Internet based life, for example, YouTube permits kids to share pictures, recordings, music and activities with other online life clients (Harlen 122). YouTube helps kids in finding their main tunes and films and kids get to these engaging components to keep themselves occupied and engaged. Youngsters even offer their own recordings and tunes over YouTube to communicate before other online networking clients. OKeeffe states that online life helps in the â€Å"enhancement of individual and aggregate inventiveness through turn of events and sharing of aesthetic and melodic endeavors† (OKeeffe 1). There are

Managing In Hospitality Essay Example for Free

Overseeing In Hospitality Essay To persuade the administration, the proprietor must have the option to convey his thoughts and observations unmistakably. The proprietor may confront a touch of trouble doing this, since the directors have been around for long, and they most likely realize their exchange well. It is as yet conceivable, be that as it may. Something that the proprietor can do is gain the trust of his supervisors. Nonetheless, it can't be the math based trust or ID based trustâ€it must be through hierarchical citizenship conduct. In particular, he needs to ensure that every individual from the administration is dealt with reasonably. For example, with this issue, he should allow every single one to voice out their conclusion in regards to the updating of the inn, and clarify why they are against it. This will tell them that despite the fact that the owner’s thoughts might be in strife with those of the management’s, the proprietor despite everything esteems their insight and regards their situation as chiefs. When they all get their opportunity to share their considerations, the proprietor should then clarify his side, yet doing whatever it takes not to contend with his administrators regarding which is the better arrangement, as this will just make contact, as meaningful clash, and it will be considerably progressively hard to persuade the administration to redesign the lodging. Rather, the gathering ought to arrange, or deal, and attempt to locate a shared opinion. Since everybody has had his side heard by this point, they can address the inquiries encompassing the issue of why moving up to a 5-star inn may be an ill-conceived notion, and what should be possible to turn this around or to make up for it. In conclusion, the proprietor should attempt to control his feelings while clarifying his side. Regardless of how brutal or how dull the administration might be, viewing his choices as â€Å"unnecessary†, the proprietor must remain genuinely steady. The equivalent goes for the managementâ€if one of them unexpectedly begins raising his voice, he ought to be quieted down before continuing with the gathering. They ought to likewise be helped to remember their positionsâ€they are chiefs, not ownersâ€and should regard the owner’s authority over them. The proprietor himself ought not push his weight around. Works Cited Chase, Courtney. â€Å"Interpersonal Behavior in the Workplace.†

Book Riots Deals of the Day for September 22nd, 2019

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Wal-Mart and Human Resource Management - 2775 Words

Human Resources and Wal-mart Penicia Rooks MGT490 Strategic Human Resources Planning Instructor Stepheny Finnie February 6th, 2012 Human Resources and Wal-mart Wal-mart is the number one retail store in the U.S. and was founded by Sam Walton in 1962. Wal-mart has expanded to include the U.S., Mexico, Puerto Rico, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, China, and various other places. In 1988, Wal-mart developed the Supercenter concept to meet the growing demand for one stop family shopping. Supercenters combine grocery and general merchandise all under one roof. Their purpose is saving people money to help them live better (Wal-Mart, n.d). Even their success Wal-mart has still had many lawsuits for violating labor laws and†¦show more content†¦With every company there come strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats and Wal-mart is no exception. Wal-mart sits at the number one spot when it comes to retail businesses but they have had many issues; in particular labor law violations because they did not allow their employees to take required lunch and meal breaks. The focus of the SWOT analysis is to identify the key internal and external factors that are important to achieving the objective. SWOT analysis groups key pieces of information into two main categories; internal factors and external factors. The internal factors are the strengths and weaknesses that are internal to the company while the external factors are the opportunities and threats that presented by the external environment. The internal factors are determined by their impact on the company’s objectives. What may represent strengths with respect to one objective may be weaknesses for another objective. The external factors may include technological change, legislation, cultural changes, and changes in the marketplace or competitive position (Wood, 2008). The strengths of a company are the qualities that enable them to accomplish their mission. According to walmartstores.com Wal-mart strives to help people save money so that they can live better. Wal-Mart is known as a powerfulShow MoreRelatedWalmart: Organizing Funtion of Management1007 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizing Function of Management Organizing is defined as the assembly and coordination of the human, financial, physical, informational, and other resources needed to achieve goals. (Bateman Snell, 2009, pg. 20) This function is also referred to as the function used to build a dynamic organization. (Bateman Snell, 2009, pg. 20) When looking at the organization process Sam Walton the founder of Wal-Mart made sure from the very beginning to keep up with his competitors. In 1972 Kmart expandedRead MoreMgt/330 Wal-Mart Organizational Paper1102 Words   |  5 PagesWal-Mart Organizing Paper Ian Ericson MGT/330 February 19, 2013 David Ball Wal-Mart Organizing Paper Business economy today has seen vast amounts of businesses fail. However, Wal-Mart Corporation is standing and increases their revenue yearly. In 2009 alone, Wal-Mart generated approximately $404 billion dollars in revenue. That type of success only proves that the organization has everything in order to keep on the track of success. Within this paper, an evaluation of the organizingRead MoreThe Key Financial Commitments That The Company Must Make A Strategy For Managing Human Resources818 Words   |  4 PagesThe key financial commitments that the company must make are the following ones. In fact, for sound financial management of the company, decision makers of Wal-Mart should develop consistent tools. They have to find both forecasting tools and control tools. Indeed, forecasting tools are tools that are based on objectives to achieve. In general, it is made by the internal workers to the company to guide those responsible for achieving the financial objectives of the company. Moreover, the controlRead MoreErp Management System Is The Mode Of The Modern Enterprise Management1503 Words   |  7 Pages ERP management system is the mode of the modern enterprise management. It is a company-wide application, highly integrated system, covering the customer, project management, inventory and purchasing supplies pr oduction, by optimizing the enterprise resources to maximize resource efficiency. ERP management software is a management accounting as the core of the information system, identifying and planning the enterprise resources, thereby obtaining a customer order, complete the processing and deliveryRead MoreCompetitive Advantage Vs. Competitive Strategy1514 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses. 4. Human resource practices. Retailers launch different policies to describe their relationship with employees. 5. Expansion policies. Retailers decide where to expand its market. 6. Product selection. Retailers must choose the mix of goods they sell. 7. Cost consciousness. Retailers pursue to minimize overhead to enlarge profits. 8. Customer service. Retailers decide how to treat customers. As one of the form of competitive strategy, a firm must have a good supply chain management. SupplyRead MoreWalmarts Compensation Strategy: The Reason for the Companys Success Profitability and Position1768 Words   |  7 PagesWal-Marts Compensation Strategy: The success of companies in todays market place is a process that involves the way business practitioners manage its workers and the financial resources and structures. The management of employees, structures, and financial resources includes the development and establishment of effective compensation strategy. Actually, the lack of a sound compensation system has negative impacts on the companys ability to recruit and retain competent and best-qualified employeesRead MoreStrategy Management Wal Mart and K Mart1108 Words   |  5 PagesStrategic Management Assignment 8 1. Do Wal Mart and K Mart exploit any merger and acquisition in recent 5-10 years? Merger amp;Acquisition | Wal Mart | K Mart | Acquisition | -Bempreco: This company has been acquiesced by Wal mart.   Bempreco is a retail chain in northeastern Brazil with 118 units (hypermarkets, supermarkets and mini markets). The acquisition gives Wal-Mart Brazil its first stores in the Northeast market. -Seiyu GK: is a Japanese group of  supermarkets, shopping centersRead MoreThe Organization Structure of Walmart1240 Words   |  5 PagesOrganization structure of Wal-Mart Introduction The Wal-Mart was founded by Sam Walton in 1962 in 719 Walnut Avenue in Rogers, Arkansas. Today there are 706 stores that are running in the USA offering competitive prices and good shopping experience to millions of Americans across the USA. The size of and average store, according to Wal-Mart Corporate (2011a) is 108,000 square feet and has an employee base of about 225 people. Wal-Mart is said to have one of the most efficient merchandise replenishmentRead MoreWallmart Resources and Capabilities1361 Words   |  6 PagesJuly 5, 2011 Resources and Capabilities of Wal-Mart Wal-Mart had enough financial resources to make capital investments to improve its operations and labor productivity. Most important investments were technological investments such as the UPC (Uniform Product Code) infrastructure, the computerized system within stores and the satellite network that enabled almost real-time communication among the stores, the distribution centers and vendors. These technological resources can also be classifiedRead MoreWal Mart Needs For Employees Wages847 Words   |  4 Pages Suggested Approach I suggest that Wal-Mart need to fix the employees’ wages along with sufficient hours, so employees can live a comfortable and normal without any complications. Prioritized Initiatives Wal-Mart need to raise employees’ wages according to each person’s position and from location to location. â€Å"Under pressure from its own workers and the public, Walmart stated that it would also increase wages for its 500,000 lowest-paid U.S. workers. In April 2015, the nation’s largest employer

Iagos Soliloquies In Othello Analysis - 931 Words

Analyzing Iago’s Soliloquies in Othello Othello the play by William Shakespeare starts in Venice with Iago and Roderigo conversing. Iago is a soldier under the order of Othello and has been paid to keep an eye on Othello by Roderigo who wants to get Othellos fiance, Desdemona. Be that as it may, Iago does not give full disclosure to Roderigo and in this manner doubting issues emerge. Othello and Desdemona wed each other, and when Brabantio, the father of Desdemona comes to blame Othello for utilizing enchantment on his girl as he says in Act 1 Scene 2 Line 64 â€Å"Damned as thou art, thou hast enchanted her!† They both reveal to him that it was love that united them. In the meantime, Iago is infuriated that Othello did not pick him as his†¦show more content†¦He is selfish, and he manipulates others as is seen in his plans. Iago’s character is evil and manipulative. Soliloquy 2 In act 2, scene 1, Iago comes out with a plan on how he would use Cassio to get to Othello. He works out a plot that involves Desdemona in an unreal love triangle that will make Othello jealous. Iago also banks on the bad advice he gave Roderigo that he should pursue Desdemona who eventually may get tired of her husband, Othello. Iago still fears that Othello may have slept with his wife as stated in Act 2 Scene 1 Lines 297-301, â€Å"For that I do suspect the lusty Moor Hath leaped into my seat, the thought whereof Doth, like a poisonous mineral, gnaw at my innards; and nothing can or shall content my soul Till I am evened with him, wife for wife.† and on that account wishes to be with Desdemona or make Othello jealous. He also confesses that he has plotted something evil for them when he says, â€Å"And practicing upon his peace and quiet, Even to madness. Tis here, but yet confused. Knavery’s plain face is never seen till used† (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 312-314). He is seen as cunning and too witty. His wisdom, however, is for injustice and plotting revenge. Soliloquy 3 The relationship between CassioShow MoreRelated Critical Analysis of Iagos Soliloquy in Act 2 Scene 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare680 Words   |  3 PagesCritical Analysis of Iagos Soliloquy in Act 2 Scene 3 of Othello by William Shakespeare Iago’s second soliloquy is very revealing. It shows him shaping a plan out of the confusion of his emotionally charged thoughts. Iago examines his own thoughts, especially his hatred for Othello: â€Å"The Moor, howbeit that I endure him not† He is also suffering from the â€Å"poisonous mineral† of jealousy that still swirls around the rumour that Othello has slept with Emilia. Iago couldRead MoreOthello, by William Shakespeare Essay1090 Words   |  5 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Othello, Iago is portrayed as a cruel puppet master, using his high order critical analysis and manipulative skills to exact on those he believe wronged him; as he weaves a web of deceit to ensnare the play’s protagonist (and namesake of the play) Othello. Various movie adaptations have portrayed the characters in different ways, often resulting in a fusion of the context of the age, artistic license and Shakespeare’s character. One such fusion is Stuart Burge’s 1965 filmic portrayalRead MoreAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Act One of Othello by William Shakespeare Act 1 is an exceptionally indicative passage of writing in which Shakespeare attempts to divulge the coarse essence of Iagos nature to the audience. Indeed, by the conclusion of line 66 the audience not only understands - in broad terms - Iagos motives and grievances, but also something of the manner in which he intends to consummate Read MoreSummary Of The Prince During The 1500 S1622 Words   |  7 Pageslearning of his daughter’s marriage and he proclaims â€Å"Thou art a villain!† to which Iago replies, â€Å"You are a-senator!† (i.i.12). This was very significant because Iago is informing the audience that Brabantio was stating the obvious, but because of Iago’s cunningness, Brabantio does not catch on. Iago also contains the ability to charm and convince people of his loyalty, but he ends up double crossing all who considered him a friend. Many of these characters call him â€Å"Honest Iago†, a malapropism inRead MoreEssay about Analysis of an Extract from William Shakespeares Othello980 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of an Extract from William Shakespeares Othello In the play Othello, four characters are murdered. The character Iago, who manipulated certain characters into wanting to kill them. Desdemona, Emilia, Othello, and Roderigo, are killed. Iago originally did this out of jealousy of Othello and Roderigo. The deaths of these four characters were inevitable. There was justice in this play for all of the characters who were involved in the killing of the four charactersRead MoreOthello As The Hero And Villain2002 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Othello has a propensity to jealousy and possesses a weak character† FR Leavis, 1952 To what extent do you agree with this view? Remember to include in your answer relevant comment about Shakespeare’s dramatic methods. There are two opposing views of Othello as the hero and villain that have dominated criticisms of Othello. One school of thought suggests that Othello is a noble hero who is brought down by a devil, whose actions cannot be explained absolutely. Others may view Othello as a naiveRead MoreIago of William Shakespeares Othello Essay885 Words   |  4 PagesIago of William Shakespeares Othello Iago has a great understanding of people and how they will react to different situations and this skill allows him to control the action so neatly that it as if is he himself is the playwright. He has no regard for the thoughts of others and skilfully manipulates those around him to trick them to play a part in a strategy he has so meticulously planned, for example, the brawl scene. But by no means does he carry out his plans regardlessRead More Shakespeares Othello and Uncontrolled Jealousy Essay1858 Words   |  8 PagesOthello and Uncontrolled Jealousy  Ã‚      Dominating the protagonist in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello is the passion of sexual jealousy. Dominating the antagonist is another type of jealousy toward Cassio, and hatred toward the general. Let us look closely at the concept of jealousy as it is revealed in this drama. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes definitively categorizes Othello as a â€Å"study in jealousy†: Othello has suffered less in its modern interpretation thanRead More Othello: Themes Essay1946 Words   |  8 PagesOthello: Themes  Ã‚        Ã‚   How many themes course through the Shakespearean tragedy Othello? Let us in this essay analyze the variety and depth of the themes in this play.    Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes indicates that hate is the theme on which this play opens:    It is then on a theme of hate that the play opens. It is a hate of inveterate anger. It is a hate that is bound up with envy. Othello has preferred to be his lieutenant a military theorist, one MichaelRead More Shakespeares Othello: Jealousy Sexual in Nature Essay2214 Words   |  9 PagesOthello: Jealousy Sexual in Nature  Ã‚        Ã‚   William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello manifests a lot of activity motivated by a variety of passions, some good and others not so. Let’s analyze what many critics consider to be the dominant passion on the part of the protagonist’s most significant actions.    A. C. Bradley, in his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, describes the dominant motivating passion in Othello:    In the second place, there is no subject more exciting

Can Machines Think Free Essays

Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Machines Think? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem. It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do. One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea. He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two. By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story. This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese. Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties’ and ‘intentionality’ stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both. It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle’s argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ? Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain’s structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observe rs might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically! The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn’s example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank’s story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties’ than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think. However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality’ derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn’t. Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References How to cite Can Machines Think?, Papers Can Machines Think Free Essays Can Machines Think ? This paper regards several points of view on the subject of, what is commonly referred to as Artificial Intelligence, or AI. AI is the attempt to make machines, specifically computers, perform intelligently through programming. Already, this definition has a problem in that the word intelligence can have many interpretations. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Machines Think? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will attempt to put forward some ideas for how to approach this problem. It could be said that the human brain is nothing more than a machine, and as we know it to be capable of thought it would be fair to surmise that therefore machines can think and it is probably this, or a similar premise that inspired AI. However, within AI there are many schools of thought. Some believe that if a computer can be programmed correctly to emulate certain human processes, then it is to all intense and purposes thinking as we do. One of the early pioneers in the world of computers, Alan Turing, outlined a test in which participants are asked to interrogate a computer terminal in order to determine whether they are communicating with a human, or a computer program. Examples of programs which were put through the Turing test are ELIZA and SHRDLU both of which attempted to emulate one side of human conversation. But even if these programs did appear to be totally human, could they be said to actually be thinking ? John Searle(1984) puts forward a scenario in an attempt to devalue this idea. He refers to a program by Roger Schank at Yale university which, after being given a story will be able to answer questions regarding it. It would seem at the outset that this program would therefore be understanding the story. Searle then argues that despite not being able to understand Chinese, he would, under the correct circumstances, be able to answers Chinese questions in Chinese, relating to a story also written in Chinese. The scenario is summarised as follows; Sitting isolated in a room, Searle is given a wad of Chinese script, followed by another. In addition he is given a list of English rules, for correctly correlating the two. By simply following the English rules, he writes a third set of chinese words which he then returns to someone outside the room. If the first set of script was a story, the second a set of questions, he could be said to be answering the questions. In fact, from the point of view of someone standing outside the room, he would be correctly answering the questions, and thus would appear to be conversant in Chinese. This of course is not the case, as Searle would have no knowledge of what the story was about, and what the questions were asking – he would not be understanding the story. This argument is an attempt to demonstrate that although a computer program appears to be understanding a story, it is merely obeying simple instructions, and has no understanding at all. â€Å"In the linguistic jargon, they have only a syntax but no semantics† (Searle 1984) However, depending on hown one observes this problem, it can appear very differently. Regarding the entire room, the person in the room (to whom I shall refer for the sake of continuity of terms as a demon), the scripts and the person outside as a whole, we do have a system that is capable of reading and interpreting Chinese. Hofstadter extends this idea by modifying the scenario so as to shrink it to brain size, the scripts becoming neurons and so on. This effectively creates a system equivalent to the human brain. So what would be the difference between the two. Why would one be acceptable as a thinking system and one not ? Searle frequently refers to ‘causal properties’ and ‘intentionality’ stating that the artificial system proposed by Hofstadter would lack both of them, and that somehow the human brian has both. It is here where the subject of duality comes into the fore. Are the mind and the brain one and the same, or are they separate entities ? Many religions favour this dualist approach and refer to the mind, as it is in this instance, as a persons soul and regard it as being separate to the physical self. Whether the mind is separate or not, Searle’s argument implies that the human brain has a mind, because of its natural causal properties, yet an artificial machine does not. But what are these natural causal properties, and from what do they derive ? Are they a result of the biological material from which the brain is made, are they a result of the brain’s structure or are they a result of a breath of life from the lips of a god ? â€Å"Machines as simple as thermostats can be said to have beliefs, and having beliefs seems to be a characteristic of most machines capable of problem solving performance† (McCarthy 1979) At what point does a functioning machine gain intentionality ? Here Zenon Pylyshyn is cited from a reply made to Searle, to illustrate the complex connotations involved in the idea of the natural causal property of the brain. If more and more of the cells in your brain were to be replaced by integrated circuit chips, programmed in such a way as to keep the input-output function of each unit identical to that of the unit being replaced, you would in all likelihood just keep right on speaking exactly as you are doing now except that you would eventually stop meaning anything by it. What we outside observe rs might take to be words would become for you just certain noises that circuits caused you to make. Surely, the person in the above example would have conscious, intentional thought, despite being constructed from artificial parts. Or would this person simply be acting in the same role as the chinese room demon ? Another area rapidly developing in AI is Parallel Distributed Processing, or neural networks. These are complex structures that emulate the brains neural structure, and are usually modelled within a computer, although in theory there is nothing to stop them being constructed electronically, or even mechanically! The effect of a neural network is similar to that in Pylyshyn’s example – an electronic replacement for a part of the brain. Functionally it operates almost identically to a brain and can be made to do tasks similar to those performed by Schank’s story program. Could a neural network equivalent be said to have any more ‘causal properties’ than just a computer program ? Searle acknowledges that since we are merely machines, it is possible that machines can think. However he finds the idea of a computer program thinking implausible. However, if we could model a brain, with atomic accuracy in a computers memory, for example in the form of a neural network, surely it would work in exactly the same way and would therefore be just as valid a thinker as a human. It seems that this whole debate rests its most basic principles on a belief; either one believes that our ‘intentionality’ derives purely from our brain and its structure or one doesn’t. Even if we ever do manage to construct an exact replica of a brain that appears to work identically to the real thing, how could we tell if it really is a conscious entity with true intentionality, or merely acting like the chinese room demon ? Indeed, how can we define conscious, and intentionality in that context. There must be a level of functioning or reasoning that we can use as a cut-off point for deciding whether or not something is alive and thinking. Descartes stated â€Å"I think. Therefore, I am†. But was he thinking, or merely following a mechanical pattern, with no real understanding of the words ? References How to cite Can Machines Think?, Essay examples

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