Reflection Paper On Ethics Reflection - 1730 Words

Ethics Reflection and Application Paper Laws, rules, and guidelines, whether implicit or explicit, have always existed to govern human behavior in both civilized and uncivilized societies. They may range from either Draconian or to Utopian in style and delivery, but they do exist. Some people view laws, rules, and guidelines as an infringement upon their rights as an individual to operate and function as they see fit while others view them as a necessary evil to maintain order and peace. One thing is for certain, if people always acted accordingly with judicial discrimination and impartial discernment then laws, rules, and guidelines on how best to behave would be pointless. Yet we know that this is not the case as history has plainly†¦show more content†¦It comes down to each individual, how they view the world, and what expectations they have of others as well as themselves. And even then, a person with good intentions and a good heart may break certain ethical codes inadvertently or unintentionally, but th ey will be broken nonetheless. So if my assumptions about people are correct, that even people with the best of intentions may fail to comply with ethical codes that seek to govern their behavior and actions why have such codes in the first place? People are going to make mistakes: This is just a fact of life. But how do we know if a person makes a mistake or if what they did was wrong? How is a person’s behavior measured and if deemed inappropriate or maladaptive by what means can consequences be decided and successively administered? The way a person’s behavior can be discerned as either right or wrong is by creating and subsequently implementing a standard of â€Å"norms and expectations for practitioners† which in the case of the helping professional will consequently â€Å"collectively minimize the risk of harm to clients and the general public† (Francis Dugger, 2014, p. 131). The Texas Administrative Code, (referred to hereafter as the Code or Codes) Title 22 (Examining Boards) Part 30, Chapter 681, relating to the licensing and regulation of professional counselors (LPC) and Part 35, Chapter 35, relating to the licensing and regulation of marriage and familyShow MoreRelatedEthics Reflection Paper785 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: ETHICS REFLECTION Ethics Reflection STR/581 Ethics Reflection In the last decade ethics has taken an important place in corporate America after some unethical and fraudulent business practices getting uncovered. Few companies’ such as Tyco, Enron, Arthur Anderson, and WorldCom have made their name synonymous with corporate fraud. Unethical behavior of top executives like Bernard Madoff and Martha Stewart can sink the whole company. This paper will explainRead MoreEthics Reflection Paper818 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: ETHICS REFLECTION PAPER Ethics Reflection Paper STR/581 September 30, 2012 Ethics Reflection Paper Social responsibility and ethics are essential elements in establishing a strategic plan while contemplating the needs of stakeholders. Social responsibility and ethics should be conceived as fundamental strategic concerns within organizations. Social responsibility and ethics have the potentiality to help an organization succeedRead MoreEthics Reflection Paper1094 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Reflection Paper STR/581 July 26, 2010 University of Phoenix Ethics Reflection Paper Before WorldCom and Enron, many organizations unconditionally placed social and ethical responsibility with administrative legal and compliance obligations, regulations and rules. Today, a company’s ethical behavior is vital to the success of the company. Consumers not only expect but demand that a company is visible in their practices and are held accountable for their actions; be itRead MoreEthics Reflection Paper1082 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Reflection Paper Lourdes Munoz STR/581 Strategic Planning Implementation September 2nd, 2010 Gary Solomon Abstract Ethics and Social responsibility resides in an important set of our own personal values. When it comes to Business matter and operation the customer must feel confidence and this has been taken for granted several times on recent corporate scandals and collapses, a perfect example of missed conducted ethic and responsibility is Enron. Is extremely important for companiesRead MoreEthics Reflection Paper1087 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Reflection Paper Ethics and social responsibility are key factors when planning one’s personal life or planning for the success of a business. When companies develop strategic plans, they must consider what role ethics will play and how social responsibility will affect the plan keeping stakeholders need at the forefront. If businesses and individuals are making a conscious effort to display ethical behavior, ethical perspectives and beliefs should evolve over time much like what has happenedRead MoreEthics Reflection Paper767 Words   |  4 PagesEthics Reflection STR/581 Ethics Reflection Ethics have played a role in how companies have done business and conducted themselves but not as much as when Enron, WorldCom, Arthur Anderson were in the spot light for fraud. The companies hid valuable information from internal and external stakeholder and stockholders alike. The employees lost their retirement or at least some of their retirement to these unethical actions of top executives. The researcher will explain the role that ethics andRead MoreReflection And Philosophy Paper On Ethics1284 Words   |  6 PagesReflection and Philosophy Paper Michael Odom Institution Affiliation â€Æ' Reflection and Philosophy Paper In my personal and professional life, I have found that I subscribe to Deontology for an ethical theory. However, I did not come to hold this belief through detailed introspection in a moral philosophy classroom. Rather, it was part of the values that were inculcated in me by my father throughout my childhood. In particular, he always insisted on the importance of thinking about my actions inRead MoreEthics and Communication Reflection Paper1274 Words   |  6 Pagespatient education which was not completely addressed. Therefore in this paper I will be discussing the impact a nurse may have had on the case study, areas of shortage where I felt a nurse would have addressed the issue better, ethical positions that were dominantly discussed in the discussion and ways in which this case study contributed to the role of a nurse in areas of advocacy. â€Æ' Ethics Communication Reflection Paper Nurse as an Advocate The Case Study exercise allowed us to take a role thatRead MoreReflection Paper On Business Ethics2881 Words   |  12 Pages Arion 1 Anthony Arion Reflection Paper Business Ethics Jeffrey Muldoon, PhD 1 December 2015 Declaring a major in college is a big deal, but declaring that one is majoring in Business gives a whole new meaning to the word. About midway through the class, like a light bulb turned on, the true realization that there is much more to a business when you consider where you want to work or where you want to shop is a direct result of my BU 293: Ethics, Social Responsibility, and SustainabilityRead MorePersonal Ethics Reflection Paper2135 Words   |  9 PagesEthics is the study of how humans are in relationships with themselves and others (2012). Strong ethics comes from building community, respecting others, serving others, showing justice, and manifesting honesty (2016). With the ethical lens inventory, I believe in looking at relationships and life through a blend of responsibilities, rights and results. These ethical lenses are why I like to use my personal reasoning skills and intuition to balance between living into my flexible principles and determining

The role of information systems in Supply Chain Management.

The role of information systems in Supply Chain Management Introduction The purpose of this essay is to explore and evaluate the various approaches that can be taken to facilitate the management of supply chains. Supply Chain Management - A terminological background The Institute for Supply Chain Management has defined supply management as the identification, acquisition, access, positioning and management of resources an organisation needs or potentially needs in the attainment of its strategic objectives. The essence is a shift of focus away from business units such as warehouses or factories to a more holistic view of a supply chain. For a given company this might include parts suppliers, manufacturers, transport, logistics and†¦show more content†¦It need not stop there either, systems are available to transfer information between various trading partners; systems such as these are known as inter-organisational information systems (IOIS). The virtual corporate integration that results when such systems are adopted can lead to a reduction in what has been termed supply chain uncertainty. All companies within the IOIS will have a greater awareness of the state of play at any given time resulting in increased operational efficiency. The company that has access to this information is also going to be able to offer value added services to its customer such as order tracking. New approaches to manufacturing become possible such as Just-in-Time (JiT) and Build-to-Order (BTO). A large company is now able to react to a change request from a customer, giving more added value. Inventory Carrying unsold inventory costs U.S. businesses about $332 billion per year. As can be seen from the above statistic there is huge scope for clawing back lost potential revenue in this area. If, for example, at the end of a supply chain, company A is supplying vendor B; it is quite possible that both companies might keep a reserve surplus stock or worse still, they may both run out of stock. The solution here, as I hinted at earlier, is to share information between the companies or even to integrate systems. This has been implemented in a number of different ways; we shall examine VMI (VendorShow MoreRelated Apply Chain Management vs Traditional Mananagement Systens Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pages A. Approach The use of information technology by firms that want to gain competitive advantage has increased dramatically in the last twenty years. Large and small firms have been utilizing information systems to connect their internal business functions and the company’s activities to stakeholder such as suppliers and customers. (FORMAN WEB 13). Supply chain management and customer relationship management are some of the many systems used by firms to accomplish the aforementionedRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Case Study869 Words   |  4 PagesMicroeconomics 25 March 2015 Supply Chain Management Tom Greening once said, All management begins with planning† (Tom Greening). Those who study and research supply chain management will agree that the aforementioned quote holds true in their field. Companies looking to reduce their costs and better their customer service often look to implement supply chain management. In order to effectively execute successful supply chain management one must acknowledge the importance of demand management, communicationRead MoreInformation Technology and Supply Chain Management in Amazon.com684 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Information Technology and Supply Chain Management in Amazon.com Introduction The most critical component of the Amazon.com business model is the efficient, profitable performance of its supply chain. For online retailers who compete in high velocity sales environments, the ability to orchestrate suppliers across a very broad supply chain is critical for their continual profitable operation and growth (Albors-Garrigà ³s, Hervas-Oliver, Mà ¡rquez, 2009). Integral to this aspect of Amazons businessRead MoreSupply Chain Management : Supply Chains1476 Words   |  6 Pages1.3 Supply Chain Supply chains encompass the companies and the business activities needed to design, make, deliver, and use a product or service. Businesses depend on their supply chains to provide them with what they need to survive and thrive. Every business fits into one or more supply chains and has a role to play in each of them. The pace of change and the uncertainty about how markets will evolve has made it increasingly important for companies to be aware of the supply chains they participateRead MoreThe article describes about the supply chain management and various activities and programmes800 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the supply chain management and various activities and programmes involved in supply chain management. The author even explains different phases in the evolution of supply chain management. Mainly focuses on the 7 principals which bring host of competitive advantage to the company. Andersen consulting listed all the 7 principles and briefly explained them. The role of logist ic professionals and the use of technology in the implementation of the system. The relation between the information technologyRead MoreLogistics Of Logistics And Transportation1304 Words   |  6 PagesRole of Logistics and Transportation Kevin D. Walden Park University Ms. O’Quinn 29 November 2014 Logistics contributes to and moves the entire economy. Economic developments in recent years have led to the creation of complex company networks and systems of goods flow – in the process, the globalization of procurement, production and sales as well as the division of labor have increased. In addition, the complexity of international logistics systems in many sectors has grown as a resultRead MoreSupply Chain Management Of Supply Chains1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe supply chain, not just a simple competition between enterprises. In order to win the competition in the supply chain, which means it must be through the management of the supply chain. Currently supply chains become more integrated, more global, the high-speed development of information technology has become an important driving force. In this report will explore the development of supply chain management technologies and important role. Supply chain and technologies role Supply chain is theRead MoreSupply Chain Management Is The Flow Of Goods And Services Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Supply chain management is the flow of goods and services which involves the movement and storage of raw materials, manufacturing, and delivering finished products from point or origin to point of consumption. Organizations find the need to rely on supply chain networks to compete in the global market. In the previous decade, supply chain networks had very little role to play and was only dedicated to large brands or companies with international distribution. In case there was any disruptionRead MoreThe Supply Chain Of Honda Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesFrom above, the process of Honda’s supply chain in purchasing is very clear. Firstly, the purchasing division of Honda signs a purchase order with the component suppliers and then these suppliers determines the needed raw materials and sends a demand to Honda after receiving the order. The next is that Honda trading classifies these orders into different materials and signs a purchasing order with these raw materials factor ies. After then these factories send these raw materials to suppliers. FinallyRead MoreWal Mart s Supply Chain Management Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pages WAL-MART’S SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Praseeda Sasanka Pisipati NUID :94862513 Table of Contents: Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 A Brief History of Supply Chain Management (SCM)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 How Supply chain management influenced the retail business †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 Gartner hype cycle and scope of SCM trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Supply Chain Management in the Gartner hype cycle†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Mock Exam, English by Norwegian Student. Free Essays

string(123) " very much based on the internet, and more than 80% of the information stored on computers around the world is in English\." Mock Exam 1stc 7th of December 2012 By Gard Detlev Oksendal Task 1 1B 1. The three most important differences between the writing styles in the two texts (Appendices 2 and 4) Difference one: The biggest difference between Appendix 2 and 4 is the fact that Appendix 2 is a short novel, which we don’t know if it’s true or not compared to Appendix 4 who is an informative text with clear fact and reasoning. App 2 is taken from the book â€Å"the house on mango street†, which clearly is a novel in contrast to App 4 which is an article from Newsweek, 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Mock Exam, English by Norwegian Student. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Difference two: App 2 is written in short sentences with many stops. The text is actually written a bit mysterious way. App 4 on the other hand is a coherent text, where the message of the text is clear. Difference three: In App 4 they use real – life stories to underline their facts. In contrast, App 2 is written out of Sandra Cisneros free fantasy and thoughts. Maybe this story is based on some kind of truth, but it doesn’t say anything about it. 2. The advantages as well as the disadvantages of moving abroad, seen from a young person’s point of view. Here are some of my arguments whether I think it is a good choice or not to move abroad as a young person. As far as I can think, there are much more advantages by moving abroad as a young person, rather than not moving. I have made two lists, one with advantages the other one with disadvantages: Advantages * You learn to know other cultures, which can be really positive. Not just for the knowledge, but also the fact that you as a human really can grow by knowing and accepting foreign cultures. * Of course it depends on the place you go, but let`s say for example that you are an American, who is considering moving to Asia, there are many good reasons to do so: * Asia is the up and coming in the world these days. If you are able to communicate with them in their native language, they often go in with more will in for example a negotiation, or simply just a small talk, getting to know the cute girl you saw at the club last night. Another language you might want to learn is German. Germans are some of the most organized and economic people in the world. If you know their native language, most people will meet you with open arms. * When I read through Appendix 4 in the booklet you handed out, I held on to one sentence which describes the situation in the world today in a very good way. Let me quote Jim Rodgers from the text â€Å"How to Raise a Global Kid† by Lisa Miller: â€Å"The money is in the East, the Debtors are in the West. I`d rather be with the creditors than the debtors. † * Even tough, English is becoming bigger and bigger as a second-language despite the big debt problems they have in the US. 200 million Chinese Schoolchildren are studying English, and in South Korea many parents lost their temper recently. The reasoning behind was that they wanted their kids to learn English at first grade, rather than in second as they practice today. Yes, English is really important as a world language up to this date, despite the fact that Asia is growing bigger and bigger, US drowning in their enormous debt that only increases with millions each minute you read this text. So your English will definitely help you when moving abroad. * Asia is just an advice to where you could move, but there are many different places you can go. So my advice to the yo uth out there who is considering moving abroad: Go for it! Disadvantages: * One of the disadvantages by moving abroad as young is the fact that you don’t get as much safety as you would get growing up in your own country. On some children, this can make a huge impact and even damage to them later in life. * Other cultures may get a bit too exotic, crazy and alien in some ways. You can get shocked; some are able handle it and even learn from it, some people are definitely not. So if you are a bit weak, a bit afraid of the unknown and other cultures, maybe you should consider it two times before moving abroad. * If you come to another country and don’t know the language, it can be a huge problem. You can’t assimilate and feel as comfortable as in your home country. You don’t get included in the community and you can feel a bit alone at school etc. * Another concern is the money. If your trip goes wrong, something happens, you may be loose a year of school and lots of money. Is it worth taking the risk? * Earlier today, I saw an example of how difficult it could be coming to another country, another culture. The movie â€Å"Bend it like Beckham† by Gruinder Chadha impart this in a beautiful and touching way. And for any of you who haven’t seen it, I’d like to recommend it strongly. Task 2 2B There are two main historical reasons of why English is the most wide – spoken language today. The first reason is the power of the US – not only in terms of war and economics, but also technology, movies, the internet and science. The other reason is the time where Queen Elisabeth 1st (1558 – 1603) and her England conquered the world. She established a global colonial empire, and introduced English as a world language. English is today the language which by far is the most used as a lingua franca. In more than 60 countries English is the official second language, but that is not the whole truth. The world today is very much based on the internet, and more than 80% of the information stored on computers around the world is in English. You read "Mock Exam, English by Norwegian Student." in category "Papers" Despite the fact that 350 million people use English as their first language today, it is by far not the most spoken first language. However, English today is the most important language in the world because of the simple fact that almost â€Å"everyone† knows a few worlds in English. I can’t stress it enough; English is by far the most important language today. Mandarin is really catching up, but English is still dominant. Mandarin is almost explicit used in China, and not so much as a lingua franca. The biggest factor of why English is as dominant as it is must be the internet. The internet is very much based on English. And the world is based on the internet. I addition to this, it is also used in many other important arenas. My task today is to present to you some of these arenas. * When it comes to business and matters of trade, the English language is really important. By studying English through a respected old school like Cambridge or Oxford, you can expect to be able to easily handle emails, memos, contracts, agreements and other resembling themes. The matter of fact is that when you have an education In English, you are more likely to easy pursue a to a business career. * Probably the greatest advantage of studying English would be in job matters. People who can speak English fluently, In addition to speak their native language are extremely attracted by companies of many types, especially the international ones. Courses with at least some quality in it, offer their students the opportunity to improve job prospects, the opportunity to communicate with others as well as the access to information all around the world. Another arena where English can be very useful is when movies or TV-shows. Most of the films made today are made in English, at least the ones from Hollywood. Understanding the plot will be much easier when knowing English. Subtitles in Norwegian or other languages can sometimes cause the meanings of words to be lost in the translation, and they can be a distraction to the action taking place on the screen. In addi tion to this, movies in other languages are often subtitled by English. * The fourth arena where English very much can be useful is when traveling. Most workers in the tourist line of business know at least a couple words English. From that platform it is much easier to communicate with other people when travelling. * Concerning the education arena, English is not only useful, it is almost necessary to know at bit English. According to the Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training, there are more than 800 courses taught in English, just at the University of Oslo. There are lots of books in Norwegian. However, in college or university many of the books you have to read are written in English. According to the book â€Å"Gateways† by Eva Ulven and Audun Raugset two thirds of the world scientific findings are published in English. * The last thing I want to mention is that many manuals are written in English. Let`s say that you have bought a new TV for 30  000 dollars from America, and you don’t understand the manual, it will take a lot more effort and time to get your TV working. The world today is very much based around the mass – media, and most of the mass – media is written, spoken or sung in English. Yes, I repeat; sung. One of the main factors influencing us is the music. American rappers dominate the hit- lists today, and if anyone is even close to their dominance it must be the Englishmen. They aren’t just on the hit lists in their own country, but also in foreign countries like Norway. Another factor is that the community of YouTube and the social media such as Twitter, Instagram and Facebook are very much based on – and ruled by the English language and culture. Parallel to the growth of the internet, the power and importance of English is increasing every minute. In my eyes, Norway is one of the countries who are the most influenced by the American culture. We have taken lots of different American traditions, and made them ours. For example Halloween and Valentine’s Day are American traditions we are practicing here in Norway. I my opinion, that is really sad. Before kids used to go â€Å"julebukk†, but now a days people just don’t do â€Å"Julebukk† anymore – just because Halloween and other American traditions have taken over. American music is also really big in Norway, and artists like Eminem, Wiz Khalifa and Rihanna is what most of the Norwegian youth enjoy listening to. Gaming and internet is big part of our Norwegian community, and both are very much based on English. The two most played videogames in Norway, Call of Duty: Black Ops 2 and FIFA 13 are both on English, and have to say that I have learned much English from it myself. In Norway, people watch TV-series a lot, and most of them are in English. Most of them with Norwegian subtitles, but again the fact that they even showcase American series show us how important English is in Norway. So my conclusion based on what I have written, thought and read goes like this: English today is by far the most important language in the world, concerning business, travelling, education, culture and much, much more. However, languages like Mandarin and Indian is starting to catch up, just because of the simple matter of fact that the Chinese and Indian are increasing rapidly when speaking of population.. On the other hand, English is still increasing, just because of the western pop-culture. All the things I have mentioned – all the things we base our international community are based – and ruled by English. English is the dominant language in the world today, and I think it will be continuing as consistent as it is today at the top for many, many years in the future. How to cite Mock Exam, English by Norwegian Student., Papers

Innovation in Commoditized Service Industries

Question: Discuss about the Innovation in Commoditized Service Industries. Answer: Introduction: Industry analysis helps an organization to develop an understanding of its position and growth in comparison to other organizations operating within the same industry. The size of travel and tourism industry is increasing rapidly and thus has become one of the fastest growing economic sectors across the world. This in turn is responsible for the growth and expansion of airline industry with increase in number of airline passengers on yearly basis. As per the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the size of airline industry has almost doubled over the past decade. The fact can be supported by the growth in revenue of the airline industry from $369 billion to $746 billion from the year 2004 to 2014 (2015 Aviation Trends, 2017). New Zealand has become a part of the global aviation community and thus is in a strong position to take advantage of the growth and development of the aviation sector. The strong economic growth of the country with gross domestic product (GDP) increas ing by 3.6% every year is also supporting the growth and development of its aviation sector (Global aviation market outlook and NZ, 2016). The aviation sector of New Zealand (NZ) accounts for about 11.8 billion to the GDP of the country. The aviation sector of NZ provides services to about 19million passengers across the world with over 32,700 international flights destined for 35 airports in about 24 countries. The industry also provides employment to about 13,000 people domestically and thus supports the economic growth of the country to a large extent (Economic Benefits from Air Transport in New Zealand, 2011). The strategic position of airline industry of New Zeeland can be analyzed and examined through porter five forces model. Porter five forces model is a tool that analysis the level of competition in an industry and helps improving the business performance (Dominick, 2005). The industrial analysis of airline industry of Air New Zealand is carried out through porter five forces model as follows: Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The airline industry has many airlines but the suppliers are only few such as Boeing and Airbus. Thus, bargaining power of suppliers is high for industry as the airline market is dominated by the presence of few giant suppliers (Gillen et al., 2016). Bargaining Power of Buyers: The buyers for the airline constitute entire population of New Zealand and other people from different countries using the airline services. Thus, bargaining power of buyers is relatively high for industry (Gillen et al., 2016). Threat of New Entrants: The airline industry has very high entry barriers due to high investment required to operate in the industry. Thus, threat if new entrants is relatively low for industry (Gillen et al., 2016). Threat of Substitutes: The main substitutes for the airline industry include roads, railways and waterways. However, air transport is still recognized to be the fastest mode of transport and thus threat of substitutes can be regarded to b medium for industry (Gillen et al., 2016). Competitive Rivalry: The competitive rivalry is regarded to be high for airline industry of New Zealand as there are many airlines providing same product and services such as Qantas Airways, Virgin Blue and Emirates. The high competitive rivalry in the airline industry results in lowering the prices and thus impacting the profitability position of industry (Rothkopf, 2009). Business Strategy Air New Zealand is currently emphasizing on making structural changes for increasing its customer base and enhancing its global presence. This is done mainly for growing pressure on the airline industry to reduce costs and improve operational efficiency for achieving competition position in the global market. The airline, in this context, is also focusing on reducing the customer fares by significantly lowering its operational costs through simplifying its products and services. The lower customer fare will help the airline to achieve customer attraction and thereby increasing customer base. The new strategic direction of the airline is to achieve long-term sustainable growth through maximizing value delivered to its customers, employees and shareholders (Dominick, 2005). The company is also aiming to enhance its operational efficiency through adopting strong corporate governance policies that guides carrying out daily operational activities of the company. The company has written po licies and procedures for conducting its business operations and also to meet disclosure requirements of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards) (AIR NEW ZEALAND Annual Financial Results, 2016). The company has adopted an effective system of risk management and internal control for operating its business functions efficiently through effective management of internal risks. In addition to this, the company is also presently emphasizing on implementing changes in its organizational culture to develop and maintain a healthy workplace environment. For this, the airline is focusing largely on developing diverse workforce with increase in female representation and has set a target to achieve 40% womens on the Senior Leadership Team (SLT). The airline has also established some key metrics and diversity dashboard for developing a better understanding of areas of opportunities in relation to create an inclusive and collaborative culture (AIR NEW ZEALAND Annual Financial Results, 2016). References 2015 Aviation Trends. 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from https://www.strategyand.pwc.com/trends/2015-aviation-trends About Air New Zealand. 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from https://www.airnewzealand.com.au/corporate-profile AIR NEW ZEALAND Annual Financial Results. 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from https://p-airnz.com/cms/assets/PDFs/air-new-zealand-corporate-governance-statement-2016.pdf Dominick, M. 2005. Air New Zealand: Strategic Analysis and Recommendations. GRIN Verlag. Economic Benefits from Air Transport in New Zealand. 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from https://www.iata.org/policy/Documents/Benefits-of-Aviation-New-Zealand-2011.pdf Gillen, D. et al. 2016. Liberalization in Aviation: Competition, Cooperation and Public Policy. Routledge. Global aviation market outlook and NZ. 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1609/S00523/global-aviation-market-outlook-and-nz.htm Rothkopf, M. 2009. Innovation in Commoditized Service Industries: An Empirical Case Study Analysis in the Passenger Airline Industry. LIT Verlag Mnster.

Proposal for a design project in the protection of bush fire prone land

Overview This document is a proposal to design a manual to explain the approval processes on fire protection emergency services on proposed developments on bush fire prone land.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Proposal for a design project in the protection of bush fire prone land specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The aim of this document is to describe the nature of a bush fire prone land and the fire safety measures desirable to prevent any accidental occurrences of bush fires. Areas designated as bush fire prone are classified as vegetation areas and buffer zones. The former are typically divided into class 1 and 2. This classification depends on a combination on the vegetation type’s bush fire hazard and the proximity to any proposed development. Furthermore, these vegetation classes can be further divided into twelve sub-categories that are crucial in the determination of the building c onstruction levels and the establishment of property protection zones. On the other hand, the buffer zones are classified beyond the vegetation classification areas and constitute land, which may be directly affected by bush because of an exposure to radiant heat. In most cases buffer zones may be 30 meters or 100 meters in breadth depending on the type of vegetation. Bush fire prone areas are gazetted on a map prepared by a relevant authority in collaboration with the fire protection agencies. These lands are identified on a planning certificate issued under the environmental planning and assessment legislation. Approval processes required if a property is identified as bush fire prone areas Any project, activity, or development on bush fire prone areas requires two distinct development processes. These types of assessment processes will depend on the type of the proposed development activity. For example, an integrated development will need the Bush Fire Safety Authority from the relevant institution to become an integrated development under the legislation governing environmental matters. In addition, there are developments that do not require the Bush Fire Safety Authority. Bush fire safety authority should be obtained for developments such as a subdivision of bush fire prone land that can be utilized lawfully for residential purposes. Other developments on bush fire prone lands for fire protection purposes includes public utilities such as schools, medical facilities, restaurants, sheltered workshops and any other purpose prescribed by the relevant authority such as student or staff accommodation and respite care centers.Advertising Looking for proposal on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relevant institution will be required to forward an application for an integrated development to obtain an acceptance or rejection of the application and the relevant terms for the approva l or refusal. In case of refusal of an application, the local authority must also refuse the application. For the local developments, the legislations covering environmental planning and assessment must relate to the consultation and assessment requisites for developments on bush fire prone areas. It is a requirement that relevant institution must not grant development consent to any project application for any development on bush fire prone land unless the institution is contented that the development conforms to the requirements of planning for bush fire protection. In addition, it must consult with the relevant other stakeholders and relevant institutions concerning appropriate measures with respect to the proposed development, in order to ensure safety to human life, property, and the environment from any negative effect that may arise from bush fire. Local developments required to consider planning for bush fire protection Planning for protection of bush fires are directed to z oning and subdivision of land and the construction of buildings of residential developments under building codes where land is categorized as being prone to bush fire. Other classes of building covered include pools, garages, and decks. Building types that may not be subjected to bush fire protection legislations includes dual occupancy dwellings that are not subject to zoning and subdivision since they are not able to meet the requirements of the planning for bush fire protection. In addition, land subdivided for residential or rural residential, or proposed developments identified as special fire protection purpose are not considered in this category. Furthermore, minor development elements such as swimming pools, clothing lines, fencing are exempted from the regulation. Requirements for an application for development on bush fire prone land The guidelines for planning for bush fire protection requires that a report must be submitted together with all necessary development applica tions on bush fire prone land to the relevant institution. The developer will be required to produce a bush fire assessment report that may contain a duly completed pro-rata form accompanied with the application kit to the planning for bush fire protection guidelines. Consequently, a developer may present an independent report prepared by a qualified fire protection consultant. The reports should be able to explain how the development proposal will be able to meet the standards provided by the guidelines for bush fire protection. The report should also specify the main objectives of the proposed development, as well as, the performance criteria for the various bush fire protection measures. The developer will also be required to provide integrated development proposals to address the specified criteria as per the guidelines for bush fire protection.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Proposal for a design project in the protection of bush fire prone land speci fically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, local developments are also required to abide by the guidelines. Thus, in order to meet the assessment criteria to the protection measures of bush fire, it is necessary that a developer make use of all the acceptable solutions, or make use viable alternative solutions that will meet the general requirements, performance criteria, as well as, specific objectives of the proposed development. Conclusion The bush fire assessment report leads to the establishment of the proposed development, or asset protection areas to be very valuable in the determination of building construction standards. The asset protection zones are areas set aside of managed land and are cleared of vegetation to minimize fuel loads; hence, providing a buffer zone between the proposed development and the hazard (vegetation). The area of the buffer zone depends on the type of vegetation, the levels of building construction, an d the general slope of the landscape. Developers should not only depend on construction standards only since they are insufficient in providing protection from the impacts of bush fire. The maintenance of the buffer zones is the responsibility of the land developer and will be monitored by the relevant consent authority mandated to ensure that an ideal mechanism is put in place for the maintenance of the buffer zones over the lifetime of the proposed development. The reader should understand that developments such as fences, garages, or shades might be allowed within the buffer zones and within an approximated radius of ten meters of a dwelling unit, under conditions that the facilities are constructed form non-flammable materials. This proposal on Proposal for a design project in the protection of bush fire prone land was written and submitted by user America E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Concepts of International Relations Theories

Concepts of International Relations Theories Introduction Nobody knows why many policymakers and practitioners are so much involved in the erudite study of international dealings. Majority of policymakers dismiss academic theorists of course terming their own reasons. Nevertheless, largely, these policymakers agree that there is an inexorable connection the world of theory and that of policy. Theories are imperative to the blizzard of information that affects people’s lives. Although some theories may appear futile in policymaking, some of them are fundamental to the policymaking process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of International Relations Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To some extent, the two are interdependent in that good policies emanate form theoretical principles, while good theories come after understanding the real world. However, theories do not incarcerate the policymaking process. Instead, they offer an array of idea s on how to develop foreign policies from the theoretical orthodoxies. Starting from the end of the Second World War, many policymakers have continued to fault international relations as a subject. This prompted scholars to develop several theories, which have since met criticisms between analysts and policymakers. The two main contentious theories are realism and liberalism (Stephen, 1998, p.1). Realism During the Cold War, realism was the dominant theory in explaining international affairs. Although elucidatory on the ways of eliminating conflict and war, many policymakers found it faulty in its approaches towards imperialism, international cooperation and competition. Many policymakers believe that this theory ignored human nature and instead focuses on the international structure alone. Thus, employing this theory into practice means that the world will become unsafe through increased wars because every great power is seeking to control other nations (Wally, 1995. pp.13-21). Thi s theory makes assumptions that nations resemble each other even when there are rich countries and poor countries. Therefore, nations must look for modalities of amassing resources in order to determine the level of their powers. This perception can lead to security dilemma hence making many policymakers to pin down some of the theories of international relations. This theory makes nations appear individualistic, as the main aim is to protect self-interests for survival (Forde, 1995, pp. 141-160). Liberalism Liberalism is another theory of international relations that has met criticism from many policymakers. Just like realism, the theory assumes that all nations are equal economically and military. Many policymakers argue that economic interdependence of states will babysit other nations from developing their own economy using the available resources. Additionally, the theory principally selects few transnational actors for example, multinational corporations from rich countries to control the world’s economy.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is disadvantageous to other smaller corporations especially in underdeveloped countries as they will not grow faster to reach the international standards. Through this theory, there is increased poverty around the world. Although this theory asserts that nations should strive to achieve economic dependence, it presents egoistic ideas under anarchical conditions. The other problem with this theory as depicted out by many policymakers is that it assumes all people irrespective of their background are hungry for political, economic and military supremacy. From this assumption, it is hard to establish a policy that will cater for the needs of the whole people (Copeland, 1996, pp. 5-12). Conclusion The main reason why many theories of international relations are of no use to policymakers is th at these theories are mainly assumptions and take all human beings and nations are unitary. In reality, this is not the case. Each region or country in the world has its own resources. These resources are the one that sets the foundation of building the economy of the citizenry. Many of these theories assert that every human being should strive egoistically to achieve personal success. Whenever this fails to happen, the have-nots will turn to those who have and finally conflict and war ensues. Nevertheless, we cannot discard these theories as they give us the glimpse of our future. In the same case, the practical world of policymaking should dictate human beings to develop theories consistent with real life. References Copeland, D., 1996. Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations. International Security, 20(4), 5-12. Forde, S., 1995. International Realism and the Science of Politics: Thucydides, Machiavelli and Neorealism. International Studies Quarterly, 39(2 ), 141-160. Stephen, M., 1998. International relations: One world, many theories. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of International Relations Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wally, Z., 1995. International Relations and the Process of Ending the Cold War. Web.

Bilingual Language Acquisition by Korean Schoolchildren

Bilingual Language Acquisition by Korean Schoolchildren Bilingual language acquisition by Korean schoolchildren in New York City Sarah J. Shin & Lesley Milroy Presented by: Cyndy Gomez Introduction The present study addresses to main topic of bilingual language acquisition in Korean-American children. Specifically researchers were interested in acquisition of grammatical morphemes and plural marking systems. The researchers addressed two main questions: (1) â€Å"do L1 and L2 learners acquire the grammatical features of a given language in the same sequence? (2) do L2 learners of different L1 backgrounds learn the grammatical features of a given second language in the same sequence?† (Shin & Milroy, 1999). Previous studies related to acquisition of a second language are reviewed in this article. The most important previous research was conducted by Brown (1973) that found a â€Å"common invariant sequence of at least 14 bound morphemes by children learning English as L1†. Studies since them have tried to see wheth er or not these morphemes are the same for English as L2. Most researchers believe that children and adult learners of L2 are more similar than children learning L1. (Wode, 1976).The most recent debates have been on whether or not L2 learners have access to universal grammar. Rationilist have said that they do not and stated fundamental differences in L1 and L2 acquisition (Felix, 1984,Clahsen 1990,Meisel, 1991).It is not yet clearly known whether or not acquisition of grammatical features for L2 is dependent on L1, and this is what the present study aims to find out. The hypothesis is stated in the questions stated earlier in the introduction. Method Twelve Korean first grade children from New York City were used as subjects in this study. Half were male and half were female. Six pairs were made to group two kids together who were on similar levels of proficiency in both English and Korean. The children were all in the same class and each spoke Korean as their native language. Data was recorded through a wireless radio microphone that was located in the classroom. A fieldworker was placed into the classroom as an assistant to be able to record spontaneous speech and to be able to observe the children’s free speech. The audio was recorded in three situations: storytelling, math and play. Only monolingual English data was used. Each recording lasted between 20-75 minutes. The morpheme scoring of Dulay and Burt (1974)were used in this study. 10 obligatory occasions morpheme items were measured in this study (Table 1). The items were scored and a group score was created (Fig. 1). The procedure was then to rank the 10 morphemes in a decreasing group score. A study for plural marking was also conducted. 48 flashcard were used and each flashcard had either a photograph or a colored drawing of an animal or a common object. Each card was presented in a way to manage how children perform plural marking. There was an experimental task (with two stacks of flas hcards, one in Korean one in English).The second, a game task, was used to see whether or not use of plural markers was the same in spontaneous speech. Discussion This article examined English grammatical morpheme acquisition in children who’s native Language was Korean. The main finding was that the children were not able to grasp grammar for third person – s , plural – s, and the article. Evidence of plural marking also showed that Korean L1 children do not park for plurals at the time as English L1 children. It comes later in development for them. A clear difference was also found when comparing this study to other morpheme studies in the order of how morphemes are ranked/acquired in English as an L2. When addressing the research question, this research found that there is a difference in how L1 learners of English and L2 learners of English acquire the English grammatical features. The researchers also found that there is in influence on English as L2 depending on what the L1 was. Questions related to universal grammar were not answered. This article is, according to Google Scholar, to be cited 49 times. There were no linked comments or discussions, but the linked cited papers all showed similar research in the field on bilingual language acquisition. I think this study helped to clear the debate of whether or not L1 affects the acquisition of L2, so this study helped guide research in the right direction. This study contributed to the field of bilingual language acquisition by showing that language acquisition patters need to be considered differently for bilingual children. Table 1 Fig 1 Fig 2 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 References Brown, R. (1973). A First language: The early stages. Harvard University   Press . Clahsen, H. (1990). The comparative study of first and second language development. Studies in   Second Language Acquisition, 12, 135 -153. Dulay, H. C., & Burt, M. K. (1974). Natural sequences in child second language acquisition.   Language Learning, 24, 37-53. Felix, S. W. (1984). Maturational aspects of universal grammar. University Press. 133-61. Meisel, J. M. (1991). Principles of Universal Grammar and strategies of language use: On some  similarities and differences between first and second language acquisition. Universal   Grammar in the second language , 231-276. Wode, H. (1976). Developmental sequences in naturalistic L2 acquisition. Working Papers on   Bilingualism, 11, 1- 31.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 67

Assignment Example The drought affected the economy very badly and reduced grain production levels. On top of that, the ‘financial bondage’ was imposed by the IMF and World Bank, although this term is not used in the article. In league with other Western powers and the media, they engaged in lies about Zimbabwe that made matters difficult for the country. Together with the land issue re-erupting after war veterans demanded compensation, these circumstances led to Zimbabwe’s financial woes in 1997 and more troubled years ahead. The land issues have roots in the 1930 Land Appropriation Act, which restricted the native black people’s access to land under British colonial rule in favor of the white settlers. This put pressure on the limited land available to blacks in tribal reserves. After independence, the Lancaster House Agreement only postponed resolving the problem by protecting white owners for another decade. The 1985 Land Acquisition Act did try to alleviate the problem through land redistribution, but problems such as racial tensions and overcrowding persisted. Then the demands of the war veterans only added to the pressure. President Mugabe took a bold step by forcefully taking land back from whites and distributing it among the majority blacks, but favoritism and corruption were evident, and therefore, ordinary Zimbabweans continue to suffer. Zimbabwe is in dire need of addressing issues of inequality, ensuring self-sustenance, protection from outside exploitations, elimination of corrupt and the implementation of fair practices, and above all good governance if it is to prevent a total Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 223 Assignment Example His second argument was based on and backed by observations made by fellow astronomer, Adriaan van Maanen. Van Maanen claimed to have observed he Pinwheel Galaxy rotate. For this to be possible, it would mean that it was revolving at a speed faster than the speed of light, which was impossible. Andrew Mackellar was unfortunate to lose the prize. He made his discovery at a time that World War II was at its peak. All efforts were towards winning the war and there wasn’t an opportunity for him to present his findings to fellow scientists at a

Liberalists View of International Relations Term Paper

Liberalists View of International Relations - Term Paper Example Formal explanation and learning of international relations (IR) started in the 20th century. According to James Roservat (2007), â€Å"The idealistic view of human nature and the possibility of human progress propounded by liberalism are rooted in the writings of such Enlightenment philosophers as Immanuel Kant, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau†.  These were the founders of democracy in America. There are many theories about international relations. James Roservat further states that â€Å"The Liberal perspective was dominant in many intellectual circles in the aftermath of World War I†. However, many changes occurred especially at the end of the cold war due to new hypothetical discoveries and the materialization of new challenges. These challenges included; the formation of politically aligned multi-states, strong nongovernmental organizations influencing decision making in foreign policy, the materialization of international terrorism, the emergence of global markets as well as the possibility of individuals to control global behavior. In the liberalism perspective on international relations, the state is seen as an entity of analysis which encompasses international laws, nongovernmental and international organizations which are considered to be important elements in global politics. Gilpin Robert (2001) states that â€Å"the liberalist theory is a political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual†. The theory favors public and opinionated autonomy, administrative by law with the approval of the people, and fortification from illogical power. Gilpin Robert further argues that â€Å"in international relations, liberalism covers a broad perspective ranging from Wilsonian Idealism through to contemporary neo-liberal theories and the democratic peace thesis†.

Sociology Research Essay Example for Free

Sociology Research Essay Sexism is also known as  gender discrimination  or  sex discrimination, is defined as prejudice or discrimination based on sex; or behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex. Sexism is a form of discrimination or devaluation based on a persons sex, with such attitudes being based on beliefs in traditional stereotypes of gender roles. The term  sexism  is most often used in relation to discrimination against women, in the context of patriarchy. Sexism involves hatred of or prejudice towards a gender as a whole or the application of gender stereotypes. Sexism is often associated with gender-supremacy arguments. Gender stereotypes A 1952 magazine feature stereotyping women drivers. Gender stereotypes are widely held beliefs about the characteristics and behavior of women and men. Gender stereotypes are not only descriptive, but also prescriptive beliefs about how men and women should be and behave. Members of either sex who deviate from prescriptive gender stereotypes are punished; assertive women, for example, are called bitches whereas men who lack physical strength are seen as wimps. Empirical studies have found widely shared cultural beliefs that men are more socially valued and more competent than women at most things, as well as specific assumptions that men are better at some particular tasks (e. g. , mechanical tasks) while women are better at others (e. g. , nurturing tasks). For example,  Fiske  and colleagues surveyed nine diverse samples, from different regions of the United States, and found that members of these samples, regardless of age, consistently rated the category men higher than the category women on a multidimensional scale of competence. Gender stereotypes can facilitate and impede intellectual performance. For instance,  stereotype threat  can lower womens performance on mathematics tests due to the stereotype that women have inferior quantitative skills compared with men. Stereotypes can also affect the assessments people make of their own competence. Studies found that specific stereotypes (e. g. , women have lower mathematical ability) affect women’s and men’s perceptions of their abilities (e. g. , in math and science) such that men assess their own task ability higher than women performing at the same level. These biased self-assessments have far-reaching effects because they can shape men and women’s educational and career decisions. Gender stereotypes are sometimes applied at an early age. Various interventions were reviewed including the use of fiction in challenging gender stereotypes. For example, in a study by A. Wing, children were read  Bills New Frock  by  Anne Fine. The content of the book was discussed with them. Children were able to articulate, and reflect on, their stereotypical constructions of gender and those in the world at large. There was evidence of children considering the different treatment that boys and girls receive, and of classroom discussion enabling stereotypes to be challenged. Sexist and gender-neutral language Research has found that the use of  he  as a generic pronoun evokes a disproportionate number of male images and excludes thoughts of women in non gender-specific instances. Results also suggest that while the plural  they  functions as a generic pronoun for both males and females, males may comprehend  he/she  in a manner similar to  he, as  he  usually is placed before the dash and  she  after. This is usually done because the word  she  already contains the word  he  so it is positioned after the dash. It also has nothing to do with stereotypical gender roles. Nearing the end of the 20th century, there is a rise in gender-neutral language in western worlds, which is often attributed to the rise of  feminism. Gender-neutral language  is the avoidance of  gender-specific job titles, non parallel usage, and other usage that is considered by some to be sexist. Supporters claim that having gender–specific titles and gender–specific pronouns either implies a systemic bias to exclude individuals based on their gender or else as unnecessary in most cases as race-specific pronouns, religion-specific pronouns, or persons-height-specific pronouns. Some of those who support gender-specific pronouns assert that promoting gender-neutral language is a kind of semantics injection itself. Anthropological linguistics and gender-specific language Unlike the  Indo-European languages  in the west, for many other  languages  around the world,  gender-specific pronouns  are a recent phenomenon that occurred around the early 20th century. As a result of  colonialism, cultural revolution occurred in many parts of the world with attempts to modernize and westernize by adding gender-specific pronouns and animate-inanimate pronouns to local languages. This resulted in the situation of what was  gender-neutral pronouns  a century ago suddenly becoming gender–specific. (See for example  Gender-neutrality in languages without grammatical gender: Turkish. ) Gender-specific pejorative terms Gender–specific pejorative terms intimidate or harm another person because of their gender. Sexism can be expressed in a pseudo–subtle manner through the attachment of terms which have negative gender oriented implications  such as through  condescension. Many examples include swear words. A mildly vulgar example is the uninformative attribution of the term hag for a woman or fairy for a man. Although hag and fairy both have non-sexist interpretations, when they are used in the context of a gender–specific pejorative term these words become representations of sexist attitudes. The relationship between rape and misogyny Research into the factors which motivate perpetrators of  rape  against a specific gender, for example, women, frequently reveals patterns of hatred of said gender and pleasure in inflicting psychological and/or physical trauma, rather than sexual interest. Researchers have argued that rape is not the result of pathological individuals, but rather systems of male dominance, cultural practices and beliefs that objectify and degrade women. Mary Odem, Jody Clay-Warner and Susan Brownwiller consider sexist attitudes to be propagated by a series of myths about rape and rapists. They state that contrary to those myths, rapists often plan a rape before they choose a victim and that acquaintance rape  is the most common form of rape rather than assault by a stranger. Odem also states that these rape myths propagate sexist attitudes about men by perpetuating the thought that men cannot control their sexuality. In response to  acquaintance rape, the Men Can Stop Rape movement has been implemented. The US military has started a similar movement with the tagline My strength is for defending. Occupational sexism Occupational sexism refers to any  discriminatory  practices, statements, actions, etc. based on a persons  sex  that are present or occur in a place of  employment. One form of occupational sexism is  wage discrimination. In 2008, the  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development  (OECD) found that while female employment rates have expanded considerably and the gender employment and wage gaps have narrowed virtually everywhere, on average, women still have 20% less of a chance to have a job and are paid 17% less than men. Moreover, the report stated: [In] many countries, labor market  discrimination  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ i. e. the unequal treatment of equally productive individuals only because they belong to a specific group – is still a crucial factor inflating disparities in employment and the quality of job opportunities [ ] Evidence presented in this edition of the  Employment Outlook  suggests that about 8% of the variation in gender employment gaps and 30% of the variation in gender wage gaps across OECD countries can be explained by discriminatory practices in the labour market. The report also found that despite the fact that almost all OECD countries, including the U. S. have established anti-discrimination laws, these laws are difficult to enforce. Gender stereotypes Gender roles  (or sex roles) are attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex. A culture that defines males as ambitious and competitive encourages them to seek out positions of leadership and play team sports. To the extent that females are defined as deferential and emotional, they are expected to be supportive helpers and quick to show their feelings. According to the  OECD, womens labor market behavior is influenced by learned cultural and social values that may be thought to discriminate against women (and sometimes against men) by stereotyping certain work and life styles as male or female. Further, the OECD argues that womens educational choices may be dictated, at least in part, by their expectations that [certain] types of employment opportunities are not available to them, as well as by gender stereotypes that are prevalent in society. There is a long record of women being excluded from participation in many professions. Often, women have gained entry into a previously male profession only to be faced with additional obstacles. Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to receive an M. D. in the  United States  and  Myra Bradwell, the first female lawyer in the state of  Illinois, illustrate the prevalence of women being excluded from certain professions and the changing culture. Professional discrimination continues today according to studies done by  Cornell University  and others. Some have hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the  University of Toronto  led by Amber Budden. The study showed that, in the journal  Behavioral Ecology, after implementation of double-blind review in which both the author and reviewer identity is concealed, there was an increase of 7. 9% in the number of papers authored by women. This was more than three times the increase of female ecology graduate students in the United States. In addition, women frequently earn significantly lower wages than their male counterparts who perform the same job. In the U. S. , for example, women earn an average of 23. 5% less than men. In 1833, women working in factories earned only one-quarter of mens wages, and in 2007, womens median annual paychecks reflected only $0. 78 for every $1. 00 earned by men. A study showed women comprised 87% of workers in the child care industry and 86% of the health aide industry. Some experts believe that parents play an important role in the creation of values and perceptions of their children. The fact that many girls are asked to help their mothers do housework, while many boys do technical tasks with their fathers, seems to influence their behavior and can sometimes discourage girls from performing such tasks. Girls will then think that each gender should have a specific role and behavior. A 2009 study found that being overweight harms womens career advancement but presents no barrier for men. Overweight  or  obese  women were significantly under-represented among company bosses, whereas a significant proportion of male executives were overweight or obese. The author of the study stated that the results suggest that the glass ceiling effect on womens advancement may reflect not only general negative stereotypes about the competencies of women, but also weight bias that results in the application of stricter appearance standards to women. Overweight women are evaluated more negatively than overweight men. There is a tendency to hold women to harsher weight standards. At other times, there are accusations that some traditionally female professions have been or are being eliminated by its roles being subsumed by a male dominated profession. The assumption of baby delivery roles by doctors with the subsequent decline of  midwifery  is sometimes claimed to be an example. Wage gap [pic] Euro stat  found a persisting gender pay gap of 17. 5% on average in the 27  EU Member States  in 2008. Similarly, the OECD  found that female full-time employees earned 17% less than their male counterparts across OECD countries in 2009. In the U. S. , the female-to-male earnings ratio was 0. 77 in 2009, meaning that, in 2009, female full-time, year round (FTYR) workers earned 77% as much as male FYTR workers. Womens earnings relative to mens fell from 1960 to 1980 (from 60. 7 percent to 60. 2%) and then rose rapidly from 1980 to 1990 (from 60. 2% to 71. 6%), and less rapidly from 1990 to 2000 (from 71. 6% to 73. 7%) and from 2000 to 2009 (from 73. 7% to 77. 0%). At the time when the first  Equal Pay Act  was passed in 1963, female full-time workers earned 58. 9% as much as male full-time workers. The gender pay gap has been attributed to differences in personal and workplace characteristics between women and men (education, hours worked, occupation etc. as well as direct and indirect discrimination in the labor market (gender stereotypes, customer and employer bias, etc. ). Studies always find that some portion of the gender pay gap remains unexplained even after controlling factors that are assumed to influence earnings. The unexplained portion of the wage gap is attributed to gender discrimination. The estimates for the discriminatory component of the gender pay gap vary widely. The OECD estimated that approximately 30% of the gender pay gaps across OECD countries is due to discrimination. Australian research shows that discrimination accounts for approximately 60% of the wage differentials between women and men. Studies examining the gender pay gap in the United States  show that large parts of the wage differential remain unexplained even after controlling for factors that affect pay. One study examined college graduates and found that the portion of the pay gap that remains unexplained after all other factors are taken into account is 5% one year after graduating college and 12% 10 years after graduation. Research done at  Cornell University  and elsewhere indicates that mothers are less likely to get hired than equally qualified fathers and, if hired, would be paid a lower salary than male applicants with children. The  OECD  found that a significant impact of children on women’s pay is generally found in the United Kingdom and the United States. ]  Fathers, on the other hand, earn  $7,500 more on average that than men without children. Glass ceiling The term glass ceiling is used to describe a perceived barrier to advancement based on discrimination, particularly gender discrimination. In academic achievement, great improvements have been made. However, as of 1995 in the United States, women received about half of all Masters degrees, but 95 to 97% of the senior managers of Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 companies were male and in the Fortune 2000 Industrial and service companies, only 5% of senior managers were women. The  United Nations  asserts progress in bringing women into leadership and decision making positions around the world remains far too slow. Objectification Some argue that  sexual objectification  is a form of sexism. Some countries, such as  Norway  and  Denmark, have laws against sexual objectification in advertising. Nudity itself is not banned, and nude people can be used to advertise a product, but only if they are relevant to what is being advertised. Sol Olving, head of Norways Kreativt Forum, an association of the countrys top advertising agencies, explained, You could have a naked person advertising shower gel or a cream, but not a woman in a bikini draped across a car. Sexism in the Workplace Sexism in education is clearly associated with sexism in the workplace. When women are expected to â€Å"stay in the home,† they are unable to access the necessary educational resources to compete with men in the job market. If by chance they are able to secure a position, women may be less prepared educationally for the task, and thus draw lower wages. In recent decades more women have entered the United States workforce. After WWII (from about 1947), about 30 percent of women were employed outside the home; today, at the start of the 21st century, the figure is well over 50 percent. (Some estimates approach 75 percent if â€Å"part-time† jobs are included. Yet women are far from treated equally on the job. Typically, they hold lower-paying, lower-status jobs than men. In fact, women may account for only 25 percent of the upper-level managers in large corporations. And although half of the employees in the largest, most prestigious firms around the United States may be women, perhaps as few as 5 percent or less actually hold senior positions. In general, women are under-represented in the higher-status, higher-paying occupations, such as university teaching, law, engineering, and medicine. In contrast, women are over-represented in the lower-paying occupations, such as public-school teaching, nursing, and secretarial work. In stereotypical female jobs, referred to as  womens ghettos, women are subordinate to the positions of men. For example, executives supervise secretaries who are likely to be women, and lawyers supervise paralegals, who are also likely to be women. Women in the same jobs as men usually earn less, even though these women may have the same or better training, education, and skills. As a general statistic, women make only 60 percent or less than men in comparable positions. Why this disparity? Sociologists speculate that, in some cases, the fact that women often must take time off to have and raise children interrupts their career path. As much as Americans may hate to admit it, women in the United States still bear the primary responsibilities of child-rearing. Conflicting demands may partly explain why married women with children are more likely to leave their jobs than are childless and single women. Also, men are seen as the â€Å"chief bread winners,† so the belief is that they should be paid more than women in order to support their families. Whatever the reason, paying women less than men for equally demanding work is discrimination.

Facing Death Essay -- Papers Death Dying Life Religion Essays

Facing Death Works Cited Not Included In today?s modern society we have a certain distaste for the subject of death. There are people in society feel uncomfortable with the subject of death. The subject of death is a reality that we need to face everyday. There is nothing any of us can do about death, and there is no virtue in dwelling on it or trying to penetrate its mystery. Is it possible to prepare for death? In our day and age as we know it, there have been astounding advancements in medicine. The average life expectancy has risen. People are being educated in issues that surround a healthy life style. As a society, we are trying to increase our life span and defeat death. While people are following strict diets and grueling exercise programs, the earth is creating new diseases, viruses, bacteria, and illnesses that cause death. Is the earth compensating for these new medical advancements by creating these deadly ailments to make life and death equal? We are all going to die; that?s not our problem. Our problem is how to live until we die. Our ...

Child and Adolescent Psychology

What we have here Is a set of new parents who find themselves In this position, and although they have discovered two likely candidates for caregivers, they also have another concern that most families deal with; a budget. According to our assignment, day care 1 has everything a couple could want, whereas day care 2 meets the state standard, but is lacking In some of the more extracurricular areas. From our text we know that this state In a child's life is very important, and that their development Is progressing at rapid rates, but Just how important are these extra items day care 1 has, compared to the minimum items provided by day care 2?They are both safe areas for children, the concern for the child's safety isn't an issue, but the parents really prefer the first day care over the second. So would money be best spent if they Just saved it for some other family need? Would the extra Items at day care 1 really make that big of a deference? According to our text you may be surprise d by the answer, It seems babies do more Han just sleep all day, and even when they are just lying around, they are learning more than one might expect.There has been some debate about when an infant begins to recognize shapes and forms, but with no doubt we know that very young infants detect contours of visual stimuli, (like hair, or the chin), but not long after they begin to notice the internal patterns as well. Older Infants additionally Inspect and analyze the components of complex stimuli, scanning a variety of their visual properties and carrying out a much more deliberate, and focused search. Hat does this mean for day care option 1?It means that those painting on the wall that may just look like good decorations, or shiny objects, are actually developmental tools that can help infants practice their more organized observations. (Bugaboo, Child and adolescent development Chip 6, Pig 1 90) If we have learned anything through the endless debate of nature and nurture, It Is th at the environment does play an important role in the development of people all throughout their lives. We also know that day care 2 has more children per caregiver ND that could be a concern for the new parents.Although there is debate between nature and nurture, both sides have agreed that both play a role in healthy development; day care 1 giving more attention per Infant could have more positive results. According to Erosion's Stages of Psychosocial Development, babies must find consistency, premeditatedly, Ana relativity In tenet caregivers' Detonators to gain a sense of trust and hope. We also know that Erikson believed that this process begins at birth and continues until about 1 year of age.With this information we can see why having few infants per care giver could be very beneficial to the new parent's child, versus having that attention split between other infants. (Bugaboo, Child and adolescent development Chip 1, Page) Attachment is very important for humans and the mor e I read about it, the more it seems you only get one really good shot at it. Attachment is that delicate time when a child bond with it's caregiver, usually a mother, but not limited to other people to a certain degree, and more one on one time given to the child is more time to assist the child in developing a healthy attachment.While this isn't the primary goal of a day care center, it is still taking place, even if it isn't consciously being practiced by the caregiver. With day care 1 we have more visual stimuli for the infant to observe, and more time with a caregiver, but what about the extra toys, and blocks lying around? Seniority stage (in Paginating theory), is the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to approximately two years of age, in which thought is based primarily on action.One specific part of the seniority diagram is the Coordination of Secondary Schemes, n which the infant is attempting to achieve a goal with their actions. This can be something as si mple as finding Wald, or more likely, for an infant, finding a building block that is missing from the table. The more objects there are for the infant to interact with, the more objects there are for the infant to hone their skills on. With all of this in mind we can see that day care 1 offers the best opportunity for healthy development given the items which assist in cognitive, social, and physical developments.

Response Paper to “Against School” by John Gato

Against School Response In â€Å"Against School,† John Gato explains that there’s something wrong with the education system along with the process of schooling. In my response, I understand where he’s coming from. I’ve been contemplating myself as to how my twelve years of education had been. I personally agree to his arguments against the education system and public education. I believe what Gato is saying that the educational system and schooling has an issue involving the control and predictability of children.First, Gato contemplates about schooling and the boredom involved. I agree that, in his view, there’s boredom involved in teaching. He states that during his time teaching, he asked the teachers why they felt bored, and they put the blame on the children. However, I don’t believe this one bit. I believe that individuals who take responsibility are not to be solely blamed. I think everyone involved in this kind of situation share the responsibilities for who’s bored.In this situation, it’s possible to say both the students and teachers are to blame for boredom, and no one is solely to take responsibility for that. From his standpoint, Gato believes that the education system controls the will of students. According to Gato, the true intentions of mandatory education are to turn children into servants. Gato refers to Alexander Inglis’s view of mandatory education. Within these concepts are six basic functions, and most of these functions are what control is in the education system.A few functions, for example, are the diagnostic and directive functions and the differentiating function. Respectively, one function states that the school evaluates each student’s â€Å"proper social roles† by logging evidence into cumulative records known as your â€Å"permanent record† while in the other function, children are sorted to each role after evaluation and trained in a systematic m anner. Another thing to point out is the predictability involved with the system of education.Alexander Inglis’s view of mandatory education has a basic function that represents this predictability. According to Inglis, this basic function of modern schooling is considered the integrating function, which intends to make children as the same as possible. I believe this can relate to the school uniforms that some schools still do. Personally, I don’t prefer to be as â€Å"alike† because I believe that everyone is naturally different in their wn way, so restricting the freedom for people with coerced conformity wouldn’t be entirely human. To recap, Gato focuses on the system of education and schooling involving with the controla and predictability of children that are being taught. I thought that going to schools meant that I would have to be educated in a social, organized way, but he gave me a perspective that I have not put a lot of thought into. Children are neither to blame nor the teachers. Sometimes the system of education is not what people think it is.

Keeping Google “Googley Essays

Keeping Google â€Å"Googley Essays Keeping Google â€Å"Googley Paper Keeping Google â€Å"Googley Paper Assignment inquiries: 1. Evaluate Google’ organisational construction. What is its type? How do you believe. does this construction tantrum Google’ organisational scheme? Supply your reply with statements. Do you believe that some betterments of organisational construction are needed? Why? What sort of alterations should be done to for this construction to be more effectual? Based on the read instance I would state that Google utilizes matrix signifier of organisational construction which is thought to be a loanblend of divisional and functional constructions. In Google senior executives are organized by maps. e. g. technology. merchandise direction. merchandise selling. gross revenues. finance etc. this made all the merchandises in the company to be managed by squads with the director at the caput. This organisation construction helps Google to delegate director for a peculiar merchandise or undertaking and pull off a squad of employees who are working to accomplish specific prosodies. The chief advantage of the matrix organisational construction in Google is that the being of a director of a major maps keeps the focal point on the merchandise or undertaking that is being developed. There was no micromanaging in the company. Product/project directors played a function of wise mans instead than director which gave flexibly and an chance to employees on t heir ain to calculate out the best manner to make a work. 2. Supply elaborate analysis of Google’ organisational civilization. Use any theoretical account or typology to asses the chief elements of this civilization. What elements of Google’ organisational civilization support Google’s scheme. what elements can restrict or hold negative effects on the company’s development? How Google should get the better of it? To analyse Google`s organisational civilization I would wish to utilize Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn ( 1999 ) theoretical account. Based on the Competing Values Framework developed by Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn I assign Adhocracy civilization type to Google which is characterized by dynamic workplace with leaders that stimulate invention in the company. Organizational civilization in the company was created in a manner to promote collegiality ( coaction with director of major maps. co-workers non merely in the place office but worldwide ) . interrupt down any barriers which could forestall achievement of the company`s scheme and uninterrupted development and launch of new merchandises and services. I would qualify Google’s civilization as informal. equal. with high degree of employees` engagement. and empowerment and it has an antipathy to bureaucratism. All this mentioned encourages applied scientists to develop good thoughts at a faster gait. 3. Describe in inside informations Google’ working environment. What are its virtues and restrictions? How Google’ motivates its employees. retain them and make a trueness? Google has its alone characteristic which makes it different from other organisations. The company`s biggest and most of import resources are people. the concentration of gifted people in Google is immense. So directors are aimed at the development of the informal civilization in the company which makes it a great topographic point for people to work in. The company offers its employees the most moneymaking on the job conditions and services which make people experience comfy. Google offers top-benefit bundles every bit good as legion services on-site such as wellness or dental attention. on-sire free wash – therefore Google takes attention and is respectful of its employees` time . Offices and coffeehouse at the company are designed to promote interactions between Googlers within and across squads. and to trip conversation approximately work every bit good as drama. The company gives its employees an chance to make what they love in service of a meaningful mission. Employees are given all the freedom to show their thoughts and voice their concerns. As a consequence. originative and advanced ideas are neer suppressed. and about ever do it to a director. This encourages Googlers non to merely believe – but to instead believe outside the box! By giving employees the freedom to prosecute new thoughts. Google expects to come up with new merchandises that keep its major rivals on their heels. Google`s leader want theirs employees collaborate and to think out loud and have unfastened treatments. Employees are capable to go to managerial meetings. Google strives to make and keep unfastened. informal civilization and working environment which makes people to experience as a hands-on subscriber and experience comfy sharing thoughts. sentiments and making advanced merchandises and services. 4. Answer the inquiry of Kim Scott at the terminal of the instance ( p. 13 ) . viz. what steps she and her co-workers could take to assist maintain Google Googley ? For Google it is of a paramount importance to maintain its alone organisational civilization. moneymaking working environment to travel on with Googley . I think that that non merely Kim Scott. the manager of Google`s AdSense. but all the Google`s leader should take uninterrupted steps in order to maintain advanced civilization. First. the company should seek to minimise policies and guidelines which lead to bureaucratism and incidental concerns of employees. Furthermore the company should seek to keep rapid determination doing procedure by making a bed of experiences directors who could be responsible for consensuses and Google determination doing model . The company should seek to pull more people to the meetings or supply an chance to all people who are interested in to be informed about traveling undertakings by making portals or web treatments. As good I would propose Google to put up a rotary motion pattern within all the offices which could be a good tool for interchanging best patterns and keeping international consistence within the organisation. The best patterns of one office could be brought to another office and will ensue in enormous growing and spread of the same cultural Google feel .

We Have Taken the City by H. Leon Prather Sr Essay

We Have Taken the City by H. Leon Prather Sr - Essay Example The essay begins with the description of the status of black Americans particularly in Wilmington, North Carolina wherein before the racial massacre happened, the black Americans had been more superior, powerful, business minded people, had greater opportunity in terms of livelihood compared to the white Americans. The description of the status of the black Americans gives the reader clarity in this essay for them to follow the story. Names of these black Americans who have a good status were also mentioned in the first place in the essay which has a minor role but memorable role in the story of the Wilmington racial massacre, such as Thomas C. Miller, a black businessman and Alexander Manly, black editor. To continue, in the year 1894 and 1896, North Carolina’s Populist Party fused with the Republic Party to have power of the state government which was known as the Fusionists. Although they won, in the year 1898 election, the Democratic Party was able to have a government con trol at the state level which was the starting point of violence and frightening if blacks by the Red Shirts, these are the once that acts in behalf of the Democratic Party, that want to eliminate black voting. ... In order to destroy the image of the black Americans to the South Carolina, news, pictures and stories were published and spread throughout saying that black American men were attacking white women and Alexander Manly, denied the charges and defending it through his article. This made the white supremacist angry and so after the election they created different committees and wanted Manly to be evicted and cease the newspaper to be published but because of no response from the side of Manly, Alfred Moore Waddell led an armed group to the Daily Record office and they destroyed the equipment and burned down the building of the black American newspaper. After the black Americans heard about what happened, they assembled themselves throughout Wilmington. On that day, the riot and gunfire took place. It was said that with the use of telegraphs flashed news of the racial violence, democratic leaders in other parts of the Northern Carolina towns and cities sent their military forces and gave help to the white people which led many numbers of black people to die. The way the writer of this essay illustrates and describes how the riot was done was very clear although in the end no one knows and no one can estimate the number of deaths among the blacks. Even the movements of the riders were properly and clearly described. The directions of the places, movements of the people and the exact location of the people were also clearly illustrated which really makes this essay interesting although there exact words that were quoted and it’s a little difficult to understand and connect it with the situation. The quoted word example is â€Å"When we

Race and power in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Race and power in the US - Essay Example However, the measures taken by the government and its officials have raised questions and protests regarding violations on civil liberties. This paper attempts to answer the question: "In time of war or national emergency we respond too harshly in our restriction of position, grounding it in a discussion of post 9/11 events." Section 1 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United states Constitution states that: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." However, it seems that the restrictions imposed by the U.S. government in response to 9/11 and its war on terror, h as seriously infringed on the liberties of the very citizens which government seeks to protect. A majority of Americans (65.9%) are concerned that the war on terrorism has seriously affected civil liberties.1 Several instances support the claims of civil liberty advocates. The 9/11 detainees, 750 Arab residents in the U.S., were rounded up and were held by authorities for several weeks. Hundreds were deported after secret immigration hearings were held. All of them were never charged with any connection to 9/11. Congress and President Bush signed the USA Patriot Act which allows the government to expand its powers and conduct electronic surveillance and obtain personal records in criminal investigations and terrorism cases. The Justice Department also broadened the FBI's ability to conduct surveillance on domestic organizations despite the Patriot Act facilitating for the Bureau and other law enforcement agencies, access and share information from the CIA. Around 660 foreign nationa ls are being held without access to legal counsel or judicial review at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, after being captured in Afghanistan. The U.S government is preparing military trials which have few procedural rights. Two "enemy combatants" are being held incommunicado at Charleston brig, one of them Yasser Hamdi a U.S. citizen, after their capture in Afghanistan. The imprisonment of foreign nationals especially Arabs and Muslims is becoming a condemnable pattern. However, those that support government actions say that the measures taken by the Bush administration are less severe than those in the past when people of German origin were harassed during World War I while American citizens of Japanese ancestry were herded into camps in the Second World War. However, post-war generations have condemned these injustices and if we know or even feel that what we are doing today is in the same although "less severe" track as what we had done in the past, I do not believe that it is enough justification. Any form of infringement on civil liberty is unacceptable. We should condemn the government's unilateral and covert actions which undermine judicial review. The basic rights of the accused, in this case the rights to a legal counsel and fair and impartial trial, long upheld by American jurisprudence and

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT 2002 IN MY OWN OPINION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT 2002 IN MY OWN OPINION - Essay Example The solution that was implemented is known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The Sarbanes-Oxley is a piece of legislation that changed the business world forever. The Act was created in order to raise investor confidence in the marketplace. One of the major problems the markets were facing was that greedy corporate officials were taken advantage of their position in order to make themselves rich at the expense of the shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act fixed the problem by making the CEO and top officials liable in cases of fraud. The section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act mandates that senior management certify the accuracy of the financial reports (Answers, 2010). If there is fraud present in the financial statement of a company the top executive of the firm faces fines of up to $25 million and prison terms of up to 20 years. Another problem that existed prior to the creation of SOX was the possibility of collusion between the external auditors and the executive managerial staff. In the Enron case the auditors knew about the fraud, but decided to stay quiet due to economic interest. SOX changed the rules of the game with the creation of the independent auditor report. An auditing firm of a public corporation cannot have any other accounting contracts with the firm they are auditing. SOX also helped prevent fraud because it implemented new internal control protocols that help prevent fraudulent activity. Section 404 of SOX requires that each annual report of a public company contain an internal control report. The internal control reports have to include the following two things: a) A statement of management’s responsibility for the establishment of an adequate internal control structure for financial reporting; b) assessment of the effectiveness of the internal control structure at the conclusion of the latest fiscal year (Sec,